by Dirk Lehmhus
Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Wiener Straße 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Metals 2024, 14(3), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030334
Submission received: 25 February 2024 / Accepted: 8 March 2024 / Published: 14 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metal Casting Technology)
1. Introduction
It is a platitude that science and technology do not necessarily evolve along straight paths. Instead, cycles may occur which can sometimes, but not always, be explained by technology-centered models, such as the famed Gartner hype cycle [2,3,4], or more generally by economy-level observations, such as Kondratiev waves and all their relatives [5]. In other cases, new ideas, new market needs, or the expiration of limiting patents may support the reemergence of technologies. The casting industry has experienced its share of such effects, and in as far as they concern changing markets and boundary conditions, these have already been discussed in the preceding Part I of this text. The delimitation between both these parts is illustrated in Figure 1, which has also been included in a similar form in Part I [1].
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![Figure 14. Combining advanced simulation and modelling and AI or MOR techniques to realize a digital twin in casting technology covering both the design and production phase.](https://www.mdpi.com/metals/metals-14-00334/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-00334-g014-550.jpg)
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