Applications of Magnesium and Its Alloys: A Review

This paper introduction was written based on the ['Applications of Magnesium and Its Alloys: A Review'] published by ['Applied Sciences'].

1. Overview:

• Title: Applications of Magnesium and Its Alloys: A Review
• Author: Jovan Tan, Seeram Ramakrishna
• Publication Year: 2021
• Publishing Journal/Academic Society: Applied Sciences (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)
• Keywords: materials; engineering materials; biomaterials; magnesium; magnesium alloys; properties; applications

2. Abstracts or Introduction

Magnesium is highlighted as a promising material in this review, owing to its unique combination of mechanical and biomedical properties that render it suitable for a broad spectrum of applications. The abstract of the paper states:

"Magnesium is a promising material. It has a remarkable mix of mechanical and biomedical properties that has made it suitable for a vast range of applications. Moreover, with alloying, many of these inherent properties can be further improved. Today, it is primarily used in the automotive, aerospace, and medical industries. However, magnesium has its own set of drawbacks that the industry and research communities are actively addressing. Magnesium's rapid corrosion is its most significant drawback, and it dramatically impeded magnesium's growth and expansion into other applications. This article reviews both the engineering and biomedical aspects and applications for magnesium and its alloys. It will also elaborate on the challenges that the material faces and how they can be overcome and discuss its outlook."

The introduction elaborates on magnesium's historical significance, from its recognition as an element to its diverse applications ranging from military uses in World War II to contemporary applications in automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, pharmaceuticals, and general-purpose products. The paper emphasizes the burgeoning interest in magnesium as a biomaterial due to its superior biological properties, particularly its biodegradability in vivo. This review article aims to synthesize and present recent advancements in magnesium and its alloys, focusing on both engineering and biomedical applications, addressing challenges, and discussing future perspectives.

3. Research Background:

Background of the Research Topic:

Magnesium, an alkaline earth metal, is characterized by its shiny, silvery-white appearance and high reactivity. While never found free in nature, its terrestrial and cosmic abundance underscores its significance. Magnesium's unique blend of mechanical and biomedical properties has positioned it as a promising material, particularly in automotive, aerospace, and medical sectors. However, its inherent drawbacks, most notably rapid corrosion, have presented challenges to its wider adoption and expansion across diverse applications.

Status of Existing Research:

The industry and research communities are actively engaged in addressing the limitations of magnesium, with corrosion being a primary focus. Current research explores various strategies to mitigate these drawbacks and enhance magnesium's performance in different applications. The global magnesium market is experiencing growth, driven by its potential as a biomaterial and its established roles in engineering applications. China is a dominant producer, accounting for over 80% of global production.

Necessity of the Research:

Given the sustained interest and ongoing developments in magnesium and its alloys, a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge is imperative. This review article serves as a primer for experts and researchers interested in the properties and applications of magnesium, synthesizing recent progress and developments in the field. It addresses the need for a consolidated resource that elucidates both the engineering and biomedical facets of magnesium technology.

4. Research Purpose and Research Questions:

Research Purpose:

This review article aims to synthesize and present the recent progress and developments in the domain of magnesium and its alloys. The primary focus is on elucidating their engineering and biomedical applications. Furthermore, the article intends to elaborate on the challenges inherent in utilizing magnesium and explore potential strategies for overcoming these limitations. Finally, it seeks to discuss the future outlook for magnesium and its alloys in various sectors.

Key Research:

The key research areas explored in this review encompass:

• Production Techniques for magnesium and its alloys, including traditional and emerging methods.
• Engineering applications of magnesium, particularly in aerospace and automotive industries, focusing on material properties and performance.
• Biomedical applications of magnesium, emphasizing biocompatibility, biodegradability, and clinical relevance in musculoskeletal, orthopedic, and cardiovascular fields.
• Challenges associated with magnesium, such as corrosion and flammability, and mitigation strategies involving alloying and surface modification.
• Future outlook and potential advancements in magnesium technology.

Research Hypotheses:

As a review article, this paper does not explicitly test research hypotheses. Instead, it synthesizes existing research to provide a comprehensive overview of the applications, challenges, and future directions of magnesium and its alloys. The review implicitly posits that despite its challenges, magnesium remains a highly promising material due to its unique properties and the ongoing advancements in mitigating its limitations.

5. Research Methodology

Research Design:

This study employs a review paper design, systematically examining and synthesizing existing literature on magnesium and its alloys. It is a descriptive review, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in the field.

Data Collection Method:

The data collection method involves a comprehensive literature review of published articles, research papers, industry reports, and relevant academic resources. The authors have compiled information from various sources to present a holistic view of magnesium applications.

Analysis Method:

The analysis method is qualitative, involving the synthesis and summarization of information gathered from the literature review. The authors analyze and categorize the applications, properties, challenges, and advancements related to magnesium and its alloys, presenting a structured and descriptive overview.

Research Subjects and Scope:

The research subjects are magnesium and its alloys. The scope of the review encompasses:

• Magnesium production techniques (electrolytic and thermal processes, including advancements like carbothermic reduction and 3D printing).
• Engineering properties of magnesium and its alloys, including mechanical, thermal, and electrical characteristics.
• Applications in engineering sectors, specifically aerospace and automotive industries.
• Biomedical applications, focusing on musculoskeletal, orthopedic, and cardiovascular uses.
• Challenges related to magnesium, such as corrosion, flammability, and mechanical limitations.
• Mitigation strategies, including alloying, surface modification, and novel processing techniques.

6. Main Research Results:

Key Research Results:

• Production Techniques: The review details electrolytic and thermal methods for magnesium production, highlighting the Pidgeon process as the most widely used thermal route. Emerging techniques like carbothermic reduction and 3D printing are discussed as potential future production methods. Secondary magnesium production through recycling is also addressed.
• Engineering Material Properties: Magnesium is presented as the lightest engineering metal with a high strength-to-weight ratio, good machinability, and damping capacity. Alloying is crucial to enhance its structural properties, with aluminum and zinc being common alloying elements. AZ31 and AZ91 alloys are noted for their widespread use. Magnesium alloy-based nanocomposites are also highlighted for improved strength and ductility.
• Aerospace Applications: Magnesium's low density offers significant weight reduction potential in aircraft, improving fuel efficiency. Despite limitations related to flammability and corrosion, advancements in magnesium research are paving the way for increased aerospace applications, including high-performance alloys like Elektron 21 and Elektron 675.
• Automotive Applications: Magnesium is the third most used metallic material in the automotive industry, primarily in cast forms for powertrain, chassis, and body structure components. Its lightweight nature is increasingly valued for reducing vehicle weight and emissions.
• Biomaterial Applications: Magnesium's biodegradability and biocompatibility make it attractive for temporary implants. It excels in bioabsorbability and is naturally biocompatible. Challenges include managing corrosion rate in vivo. Surface modification and alloying are key strategies to improve corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.
• Musculoskeletal and Orthopedic Applications: Magnesium-based orthopedic implants, such as MAGNEZIX® and K-METTM screws, have shown positive clinical results in fracture fixation and bone healing. They offer advantages over bio-inert materials by eliminating the need for secondary surgeries.
• Cardiovascular Applications: While still largely experimental, magnesium and its alloys are being investigated for cardiovascular applications like stents. Controlling degradation rate is critical for successful cardiovascular implants.

Analysis of presented data:

The paper primarily presents a synthesis of existing literature, providing descriptive analyses of magnesium's properties, applications, and challenges. Quantitative data is presented in Table 1. Selected Mechanical Properties, which compares the density, compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of magnesium, its alloys, alternative metals, and biological tissues, with references.

The paper includes four figures:

• Figure 1: "Process flowchart of primary magnesium production via a thermal and electrolytic process. Reproduced with permission from Cherubini, F., et al., LCA of magnesium production; published by Elsevier, 2008 [15]." This figure illustrates the steps involved in both thermal and electrolytic magnesium production.
• Figure 2: "Use of magnesium-based materials in the automotive industry. Reproduced with permission from Sankaranarayanan, S. and M. Gupta (2021). "Emergence of god's favorite metallic element: Magnesium based materials for engineering and biomedical applications."; published by Elsevier, 2021 [54]." This figure pictorially summarizes the various automotive components made from magnesium alloys.
• Figure 3: "A Stiffness-Time inverse relationship between degradable implants and healing bone. Reproduced with permission from Witte, F., et al., Magnesium (Mg) corrosion: a challenging concept for degradable implants; published by Woodhead Publishing, 2011 [60]." This figure graphically represents the ideal degradation profile of a temporary implant in relation to bone healing.
• Figure 4: "Examples of magnesium applications in orthopedics. (A) Use of MAGNEZIX® MgYREZr alloy bioabsorbable compression screw to treat hallux valgus fracture in 13 patients. Reproduced with permission from Wang, J.L., et al. (2020). "Biodegradable Magnesium-Based Implants in Orthopedics-A General Review and Perspectives."; published by Wiley, 2020 [73]; (B) Use of K-METTM MgCaZn alloy bioresorbable bone screw to treat distal radius fracture in 53 patients. Reproduced with permission from Lee, J.-W., et al. (2016). “Long-term clinical study and multiscale analysis of in vivo biodegradation mechanism of Mg alloy."; Copyright 2016, National Academy of Sciences [76]." This figure showcases radiographic images demonstrating the use of magnesium screws in orthopedic applications.

Figure Name List:

• Figure 1. Process flowchart of primary magnesium production via a thermal and electrolytic process.
• Figure 2. Use of magnesium-based materials in the automotive industry.
• Figure 3. A Stiffness-Time inverse relationship between degradable implants and healing bone.
• Figure 4. Examples of magnesium applications in orthopedics.

7. Conclusion:

Summary of Key Findings:

The review concludes that magnesium's unique properties make it highly attractive for both engineering and biomedical applications. Its lightweight nature, high strength-to-weight ratio, and excellent machinability are advantageous for aerospace and automotive industries. In biomedicine, its biocompatibility and biodegradability are particularly valuable, especially for temporary implants. However, rapid biodegradation, primarily corrosion, remains a significant challenge. Mitigation strategies, including alloying and surface modification, are crucial for expanding magnesium's applications. Ongoing research and technological advancements are continuously addressing these limitations.

Academic Significance of the Study:

This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date handbook-level overview of magnesium and its alloys, consolidating information on production, properties, applications, and challenges. It serves as a valuable resource for experts and researchers in materials science, engineering, and biomedicine, offering a broad understanding of the current state and future directions of magnesium technology.

Practical Implications:

The practical implications of this review are significant for industries utilizing or considering magnesium. It highlights the potential of magnesium alloys in lightweighting applications for automotive and aerospace sectors, contributing to energy efficiency and reduced emissions. In the biomedical field, it underscores the clinical potential of biodegradable magnesium implants, particularly in orthopedics and cardiovascular applications, offering solutions that eliminate the need for secondary surgeries.

Limitations of the Study and Areas for Future Research:

As a review article, the limitations are inherent in the scope of the reviewed literature. The paper points towards several areas for future research implicitly and explicitly mentioned throughout the text:

• Further research into mitigating magnesium's rapid corrosion in both engineering and biomedical applications.
• Development of novel alloying strategies and surface modification techniques to enhance corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.
• Optimization of production techniques, including carbothermic reduction and additive manufacturing, to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
• Continued clinical trials and long-term studies to validate the efficacy and safety of magnesium-based biomedical implants, particularly in cardiovascular applications.
• Exploration of new applications for magnesium and its alloys in emerging fields.

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9. Copyright:

• This material is "Jovan Tan, Seeram Ramakrishna"'s paper: Based on "Applications of Magnesium and its Alloys: A Review".
• Paper Source: https://doi.org/10.3390/APP11156861

This material was summarized based on the above paper, and unauthorized use for commercial purposes is prohibited.
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