A Review of Air-Cooling Battery Thermal Management Systems for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

1. Overview:

• Title: A review of air-cooling battery thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles
• Authors: Gang Zhao, Xiaolin Wang, Michael Negnevitsky, Hengyun Zhang
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Journal/Conference: Journal of Power Sources
• Keywords: Electric vehicles, Lithium-ion battery, Air cooling, Battery thermal management system, Review

2. Background:

The paper begins by highlighting the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) since the 1900s, primarily due to the combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Transportation is a significant contributor to these emissions. Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are presented as promising solutions to reduce GHG emissions and combat global warming. The research emphasizes the crucial role of battery thermal management in achieving optimal EV/HEV performance and longevity.

The paper notes the dominance of Lithium-ion batteries in EVs and HEVs due to their high specific energy and power, lightweight design, long cycle life, and relatively low self-discharge rate. However, the inherent limitations of Lithium-ion batteries are acknowledged – their susceptibility to thermal runaway and the associated safety risks of fire and explosion under certain conditions are discussed. This necessitates effective Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS). The review highlights that while liquid cooling, phase-change materials (PCMs), and heat pipes are common BTMS approaches, there’s a lack of comprehensive reviews specifically focused on air-cooling BTMS for EVs and HEVs. This gap in existing literature forms the rationale for the current study.

3. Research Objectives and Questions:

The primary objective is to provide a thorough review of air-cooling BTMS for EVs and HEVs. Key research questions likely addressed include:

• What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Lithium-ion batteries in EVs and HEVs?
• What are the mechanisms of heat generation within Lithium-ion batteries, and what are the consequences of excessive heat (thermal aging, thermal runaway)?
• What are the fundamental design principles of air-cooling BTMS?
• What innovative design improvements have been implemented to enhance air-cooling BTMS performance? (This likely includes battery pack layout optimization, cooling channel design innovations, improved inlet/outlet configurations, and the use of advanced thermally conductive materials).
• What are the future research directions and potential solutions for improving the performance and safety of air-cooling BTMS?

4. Methodology:

The study employs a literature review methodology. The authors likely conducted a systematic search of relevant databases (e.g., Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore) using keywords related to air-cooling BTMS, Lithium-ion batteries, EVs, and HEVs. The gathered literature was analyzed to identify trends, evaluate different design approaches, and assess the performance and limitations of existing air-cooling BTMS technologies. The review likely incorporated quantitative data (e.g., temperature distributions, heat generation rates) from experimental studies and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations found in the literature.

5. Key Findings (based on the partial text):

The partial text reveals several key aspects of the study’s findings:

• Heat Generation Mechanisms: The paper discusses the heat generation mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries, including reversible and irreversible heat generation. These mechanisms are linked to factors like cell current, state-of-charge (SOC), temperature, and internal resistance. Equations governing heat generation and temperature rise are likely presented and discussed.
• Thermal Runaway: The severe consequences of thermal runaway, including fire and explosion, are highlighted. The underlying chemical and physical processes leading to thermal runaway are likely explained.
• Air-Cooling BTMS Design: The basic principles of air-cooling BTMS are described, distinguishing between passive and active cooling systems. Passive systems rely on natural airflow, while active systems employ fans or blowers to enhance cooling.
• Design Improvements: The partial text indicates the review covers several innovative design improvements aimed at enhancing air-cooling BTMS performance. These improvements likely fall under categories such as:
  • Battery Pack Design: Optimizing the arrangement and spacing of battery cells within the pack to improve airflow and heat dissipation. Different arrangements (e.g., parallel, series, staggered) are compared.
  • Cooling Channel Design: Modifying the geometry and dimensions of the cooling channels to enhance heat transfer efficiency. The use of different channel shapes (e.g., Z-type, U-type) is discussed.
  • Inlet/Outlet Design: Optimizing the location and configuration of air inlets and outlets to improve airflow distribution and reduce pressure drop.
  • Thermally Conductive Materials: Utilizing materials with higher thermal conductivity to facilitate efficient heat transfer from the battery cells to the cooling air.

6. Conclusions and Discussion:

The conclusions likely summarize the advantages and limitations of air-cooling BTMS. While cost-effective and simple to implement, air-cooling BTMS may not be sufficient under extreme operating conditions (e.g., high ambient temperatures, high C-rate charging/discharging). The discussion section would likely explore the trade-offs between cooling performance, cost, complexity, and weight. The authors likely propose potential strategies to improve air-cooling BTMS performance, perhaps incorporating hybrid approaches (combining air cooling with other techniques like liquid cooling or PCMs). The need for further research to address the challenges and limitations of air-cooling BTMS is emphasized.

7. Future Research:

Future research directions would probably focus on:

• Development of more sophisticated thermal models that accurately predict the temperature distribution within battery packs under various operating conditions.
• Experimental validation of proposed design improvements under real-world operating conditions.
• Exploring the integration of air cooling with other BTMS techniques to create hybrid systems that offer improved performance and safety.
• Investigating the compatibility of air-cooling BTMS with advanced battery chemistries and designs.

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Copyright and Acknowledgements:

This summary is based on the paper "A novel automated heat-pipe cooling device for high-power LEDs" by Chengdi Xiao et al.

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