Figure 2. Metamaterials innovations: (a) Buckling-regulated origami materials ((i) 316 L stainless steel, (ii) PC Plastic and (iii) hexagonal honeycomb made of 316 L stainless steel) with synergy of deployable and undeployable features (adapted from ref. [33] copyright 2023 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (b) 3D-printed broadband mechanical metamaterial absorber bestowed with dual-functionality of electromagnetic wave absorption and reinforced relative stiffness (adapted from ref. [34]); (c) Continues shape morphing mode of the curved crease origami metamaterial comprising of n1 stacked unit cells in the in-plane transverse direction, n2 in the in-plane longitudinal direction and n3 in the stacking thickness direction (adapted from ref. [35] copyright 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (d) Decoupling-enabled porous multifunctional metamaterials sample with microstructural characteristics: the re-entrant unit, resonant plate, strut, and micro-perforation (adapted from ref. [36] under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Licence); (e) Voronoi-based body-centered cubic, Voronoi-based regular octahedral cubic, Voronoibased body- and face-centered cubic-based metamaterials fabricated via LBF 3D printing process for bone implant applications (adapted from ref. [37] copyright 2024 Elsevier Ltd.); (f) Novel three facecentered cubic (FCC) lattice-based mechanical metamaterials inspired by atoms’ packing and bamboo’s hollow features developed from SLM of Ti-6Al-4V with high fidelity (adapted from ref. [38]); (g) 3D-printed tessellated origami-based material with a pair of opposite chirality unit cells (adapted 5 from ref. [39]); (h) Novel mechanical metamaterial based on a fishbone-like structure with polar and dual deformation characteristics allowing surface structure to be hard while its opposite side is soft, and adaption of tasks to different load levels on the soft side (adapted from ref. [40] copyright, 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (i) The geometrical configurations of two types (wall replaced and wall added)of origamiembedded honeycombs structures for improved energy absorption performance (adapted from ref. [41] copyright, 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (j) Cubically symmetric mechanical metamaterials from 3-space geometrical shadows of 4D geometries (4-polytopes) with various cells (figures are arranged from left to right) such as 5-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, and 24-cell, and extra structures such as gyroid, and hexagonal honeycomb employed as “comparative experimental controls” (adapted from ref. [42]).

Published at 1026 × 639 in The Future of Smart Components: A Technical Guide to 4D-Printed Mechanical Metamaterials

Figure 2. Metamaterials innovations: (a) Buckling-regulated origami materials ((i) 316 L stainless steel, (ii) PC Plastic and (iii) hexagonal honeycomb made of 316 L stainless steel) with synergy of deployable and undeployable features (adapted from ref. [33] copyright 2023 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (b) 3D-printed broadband mechanical metamaterial absorber bestowed with dual-functionality of electromagnetic wave absorption and reinforced relative stiffness (adapted from ref. [34]); (c) Continues shape morphing mode of the curved crease origami metamaterial comprising of n1 stacked unit cells in the in-plane transverse direction, n2 in the in-plane longitudinal direction and n3 in the stacking thickness direction (adapted from ref. [35] copyright 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (d) Decoupling-enabled porous multifunctional metamaterials sample with microstructural characteristics: the re-entrant unit, resonant plate, strut, and micro-perforation (adapted from ref. [36] under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Licence); (e) Voronoi-based body-centered cubic, Voronoi-based regular octahedral cubic, Voronoibased body- and face-centered cubic-based metamaterials fabricated via LBF 3D printing process for bone implant applications (adapted from ref. [37] copyright 2024 Elsevier Ltd.); (f) Novel three facecentered cubic (FCC) lattice-based mechanical metamaterials inspired by atoms’ packing and bamboo's hollow features developed from SLM of Ti-6Al-4V with high fidelity (adapted from ref. [38]); (g) 3D-printed tessellated origami-based material with a pair of opposite chirality unit cells (adapted 5 from ref. [39]); (h) Novel mechanical metamaterial based on a fishbone-like structure with polar and dual deformation characteristics allowing surface structure to be hard while its opposite side is soft, and adaption of tasks to different load levels on the soft side (adapted from ref. [40] copyright, 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (i) The geometrical configurations of two types (wall replaced and wall added)of origamiembedded honeycombs structures for improved energy absorption performance (adapted from ref. [41] copyright, 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (j) Cubically symmetric mechanical metamaterials from 3-space geometrical shadows of 4D geometries (4-polytopes) with various cells (figures are arranged from left to right) such as 5-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, and 24-cell, and extra structures such as gyroid, and hexagonal honeycomb employed as “comparative experimental controls” (adapted from ref. [42]).

Figure 2. Metamaterials innovations: (a) Buckling-regulated origami materials ((i) 316 L stainless steel, (ii) PC Plastic and (iii) hexagonal honeycomb made of 316 L stainless steel) with synergy of deployable and undeployable features (adapted from ref. [33] copyright 2023 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (b) 3D-printed broadband mechanical metamaterial absorber bestowed with dual-functionality of electromagnetic wave absorption and reinforced relative stiffness (adapted from ref. [34]); (c) Continues shape morphing mode of the curved crease origami metamaterial comprising of n1 stacked unit cells in the in-plane transverse direction, n2 in the in-plane longitudinal direction and n3 in the stacking thickness direction (adapted from ref. [35] copyright 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (d) Decoupling-enabled porous multifunctional metamaterials sample with microstructural characteristics: the re-entrant unit, resonant plate, strut, and micro-perforation (adapted from ref. [36] under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Licence); (e) Voronoi-based body-centered cubic, Voronoi-based regular octahedral cubic, Voronoibased body- and face-centered cubic-based metamaterials fabricated via LBF 3D printing process for bone implant applications (adapted from ref. [37] copyright 2024 Elsevier Ltd.); (f) Novel three facecentered cubic (FCC) lattice-based mechanical metamaterials inspired by atoms’ packing and bamboo’s hollow features developed from SLM of Ti-6Al-4V with high fidelity (adapted from ref. [38]); (g) 3D-printed tessellated origami-based material with a pair of opposite chirality unit cells (adapted 5 from ref. [39]); (h) Novel mechanical metamaterial based on a fishbone-like structure with polar and dual deformation characteristics allowing surface structure to be hard while its opposite side is soft, and adaption of tasks to different load levels on the soft side (adapted from ref. [40] copyright, 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (i) The geometrical configurations of two types (wall replaced and wall added)of origamiembedded honeycombs structures for improved energy absorption performance (adapted from ref. [41] copyright, 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (j) Cubically symmetric mechanical metamaterials from 3-space geometrical shadows of 4D geometries (4-polytopes) with various cells (figures are arranged from left to right) such as 5-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, and 24-cell, and extra structures such as gyroid, and hexagonal honeycomb employed as “comparative experimental controls” (adapted from ref. [42]).

Figure 2. Metamaterials innovations: (a) Buckling-regulated origami materials ((i) 316 L stainless steel, (ii) PC Plastic and (iii) hexagonal honeycomb made of 316 L stainless steel) with synergy of deployable and undeployable features (adapted from ref. [33] copyright 2023 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (b) 3D-printed broadband mechanical metamaterial absorber bestowed with dual-functionality of electromagnetic wave absorption and reinforced relative stiffness (adapted from ref. [34]); (c) Continues shape morphing mode of the curved crease origami metamaterial comprising of n1 stacked unit cells in the in-plane transverse direction, n2 in the in-plane longitudinal direction and n3 in the stacking thickness direction (adapted from ref. [35] copyright 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (d) Decoupling-enabled porous multifunctional metamaterials sample with microstructural characteristics: the re-entrant unit, resonant plate, strut, and micro-perforation (adapted from ref. [36] under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Licence); (e) Voronoi-based body-centered cubic, Voronoi-based regular octahedral cubic, Voronoibased body- and face-centered cubic-based metamaterials fabricated via LBF 3D printing process for bone implant applications (adapted from ref. [37] copyright 2024 Elsevier Ltd.); (f) Novel three facecentered cubic (FCC) lattice-based mechanical metamaterials inspired by atoms’ packing and bamboo's hollow features developed from SLM of Ti-6Al-4V with high fidelity (adapted from ref. [38]); (g) 3D-printed tessellated origami-based material with a pair of opposite chirality unit cells (adapted 5 from ref. [39]); (h) Novel mechanical metamaterial based on a fishbone-like structure with polar and dual deformation characteristics allowing surface structure to be hard while its opposite side is soft, and adaption of tasks to different load levels on the soft side (adapted from ref. [40] copyright, 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (i) The geometrical configurations of two types (wall replaced and wall added)of origamiembedded honeycombs structures for improved energy absorption performance (adapted from ref. [41] copyright, 2023 Elsevier Ltd.); (j) Cubically symmetric mechanical metamaterials from 3-space geometrical shadows of 4D geometries (4-polytopes) with various cells (figures are arranged from left to right) such as 5-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, and 24-cell, and extra structures such as gyroid, and hexagonal honeycomb employed as “comparative experimental controls” (adapted from ref. [42]).