전기 및 하이브리드 전기 자동차를 위한 공랭식 배터리 열 관리 시스템에 대한 검토

1. 개요:

  • 제목: A review of air-cooling battery thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles
  • 저자: Gang Zhao, Xiaolin Wang, Michael Negnevitsky, Hengyun Zhang
  • 발행 연도: 2021
  • 발행 학술지/학회: Journal of Power Sources
  • Keywords: 전기 자동차, 리튬 이온 배터리, 공랭식, 배터리 열 관리 시스템, 검토

2. 연구 배경:

1900년대 이후 온실가스(GHGs) 농도가 증가해 왔으며, 특히 내연기관(ICEs)에서 화석 연료의 인위적 연소로 인해 대기 중 GHGs 농도가 크게 증가했습니다. 2018년 교통 부문의 CO2 배출량은 약 8258Mt로 전 세계 CO2 배출량의 24.3%를 차지했습니다.

온실가스 배출량 감소와 지구 온난화 문제 해결을 위한 방법으로 전기 자동차(EVs)와 하이브리드 전기 자동차(HEVs)가 주목받고 있습니다. EVs와 HEVs의 성능에 있어 배터리 성능이 중요하며, 배터리 성능은 에너지 저장 시스템(배터리)의 열 관리와 통합에 달려 있습니다.

리튬이온 배터리는 높은 비에너지 밀도, 높은 비출력, 경량, 고전압 출력, 낮은 자기 방전율, 낮은 유지 보수 비용, 낮은 질량-부피 생산 비용 등의 장점을 가지고 있지만, 높은 비용이라는 단점이 있습니다. 리튬이온 배터리는 EVs와 HEVs의 주요 에너지 저장 장치로 사용되고 있습니다.

그러나 리튬이온 배터리는 충전 및 방전 중에 열을 발생시키며, 과도한 열 축적은 배터리 온도 상승과 온도 불균일을 초래하여 배터리 성능 저하, 수명 단축, 열 폭주, 화재 등의 위험을 야기합니다. 따라서 EVs와 HEVs의 배터리에 효율적인 배터리 열 관리 시스템(BTMS)이 필수적입니다.

기존 연구에서는 공랭식, 액랭식, PCM 기반 냉각, 히트파이프 냉각 등 다양한 BTMS 냉각 기술을 검토했지만, EVs 및 HEVs를 위한 공랭식 BTMS에 대한 종합적인 검토는 부족했습니다.

본 연구는 이러한 기존 연구의 한계를 극복하고 공랭식 BTMS의 추가 개발을 위한 방향을 제시하기 위해 수행되었습니다.

Fig. 5. Double silica cooling structure with copper meshes (Ref. [186]).
Fig. 5. Double silica cooling structure with copper meshes (Ref. [186]).

3. 연구 목적 및 연구 질문:

  • 연구 목적: EVs 및 HEVs에서 공랭식 배터리 열 관리 시스템(BTMS)을 종합적으로 검토하고, 성능 개선을 위한 잠재적인 솔루션을 제시하는 것입니다.
  • 핵심 연구 질문: 공랭식 BTMS의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 최적화 기술은 무엇이며, 그 장단점은 무엇인가? 공랭식 BTMS의 미래 연구 방향은 무엇인가?
  • 연구 가설: 첨단 계산 수치 시뮬레이션과 정교한 실험을 통해 새로운 배터리 팩 개념, 냉각 채널의 혁신적인 설계, 새로운 열 전도성 재료를 도입함으로써 공랭식 BTMS의 효율을 크게 향상시킬 수 있다.

4. 연구 방법론:

  • 연구 설계: 리뷰 논문 연구 설계를 사용하여 기존 문헌을 분석하고, 공랭식 BTMS의 성능 향상을 위한 다양한 기술들을 평가했습니다.
  • 데이터 수집 방법: 전기 및 하이브리드 전기 자동차의 공랭식 BTMS에 관한 기존의 관련 문헌들을 데이터베이스를 통해 수집했습니다.
  • 분석 방법: 수집된 문헌들을 체계적으로 분석하여 공랭식 BTMS의 열 발생 메커니즘, 기존 설계, 다양한 설계 개선, 장단점, 미래 연구 방향 등을 평가했습니다. 계산 유체역학(CFD) 시뮬레이션 결과를 포함한 실험 데이터 및 시뮬레이션 결과들을 분석했습니다.
  • 연구 대상 및 범위: 본 연구는 전기 자동차 및 하이브리드 전기 자동차에 사용되는 공랭식 배터리 열 관리 시스템(BTMS)에 초점을 맞추었습니다. 배터리 열 발생 메커니즘, 공랭식 BTMS 설계, 다양한 설계 개선(배터리 팩 배치, 냉각 채널, 입구 및 출구 위치, 새로운 열 전도성 재료, 보조 냉각 채널 등), 미래 연구 방향에 대한 논의를 포함했습니다.

5. 주요 연구 결과:

본 논문에서는 리튬이온 배터리의 열 발생 메커니즘과 그 영향(열 노화, 열 폭주 및 화재 사고 포함)에 대한 검토, 기본 공랭식 BTMS 설계 검토, 다양한 새로운 설계 개선(배터리 팩 배치, 냉각 채널, 입구 및 출구 위치, 새로운 열 전도성 재료, 보조 냉각 채널 등) 평가, 공랭식 BTMS의 장점과 과제 탐색을 수행했습니다.

첨단 계산 수치 시뮬레이션 및 정교한 실험을 통해 공랭식 효율을 크게 향상시키는 새로운 개념의 배터리 팩, 혁신적인 냉각 채널 설계, 새로운 열 전도성 재료가 제시되었습니다. 다양한 배터리 셀 배열(정렬형, 스태거형, 교차형 등)과 냉각 채널 형태(Z형, U형, J형 등), 입출구 위치, 열전도성 재료 개선, 보조 냉각 채널 추가 등이 BTMS 성능 향상에 미치는 영향을 분석했습니다.

또한, 열 폭주 및 화재 사고의 위험성을 검토하고 이를 방지하기 위한 방안을 제시했습니다. 수치 시뮬레이션 및 실험 결과를 바탕으로 공랭식 BTMS의 미래 연구 방향 및 잠재적 해결책에 대한 논의가 이루어졌습니다.

Figure List and Description:

  • 그림 1: 공랭식 BTMS의 개략도 (수동 및 능동 냉각 방식 포함)
  • 그림 2: 스태거형 배열을 가진 3중 스택 배터리 팩
  • 그림 3: 다양한 냉각 채널 설계 (Z형, U형, J형)
  • 그림 4: 상이한 출구 디자인을 가진 BTMS
  • 그림 5: 구리 메쉬를 사용한 이중 실리카 냉각 구조
  • 그림 6: 델타 윙렛 디자인 (와류 발생기, 윙렛 어레이)
  • 그림 7: 보조 친수성 섬유 채널이 있는 기본 공랭식 덕트
  • 그림 8: 셀 구성요소 냉각 방식 (표면 냉각 방식, 탭 냉각 방식)
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the air-cooling BTMS.
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the air-cooling BTMS.
Fig. 2. Three-stack battery pack with stagger-arranged Lithium-ion battery cells on each stack (Ref. [158]).
Fig. 2. Three-stack battery pack with stagger-arranged Lithium-ion battery cells on each stack (Ref. [158]).
Fig. 3. Different cooling channel designs.
Fig. 3. Different cooling channel designs.

6. 결론 및 논의:

본 연구는 EVs와 HEVs에서 공랭식 BTMS의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 다양한 기술들을 검토했습니다. 배터리 팩 설계, 냉각 채널, 입출구, 열전도성 재료, 보조 냉각 채널 등의 개선을 통해 공랭식 BTMS의 효율을 높일 수 있음을 보여주었습니다.

그러나 고온 환경이나 고속 충방전 조건에서는 단일 공랭식 BTMS만으로는 충분한 냉각 성능을 확보하기 어려울 수 있습니다. 따라서 PCM, 히트파이프, 직접 증발 냉각(DEC) 등 다른 기술과의 결합을 통한 하이브리드 시스템 개발이 필요합니다.

또한, 향후 연구는 더욱 정교한 시뮬레이션 모델 개발, 다양한 작동 조건 하에서의 실험적 검증, 그리고 다양한 배터리 화학 물질과의 적합성 평가에 집중해야 합니다.

7. 향후 후속 연구:

향후 연구는 더욱 정교한 시뮬레이션 모델 개발, 다양한 작동 조건 하에서의 실험적 검증, 그리고 다양한 배터리 화학 물질과의 적합성 평가에 집중해야 합니다.

특히, 고온 및 고속 충방전 조건에서의 성능 향상, 열 폭주 방지 기술 개발, 다양한 배터리 형태 및 크기에 대한 적용성 확대 등에 대한 연구가 필요합니다. 또한, 실제 차량 환경에서의 성능 평가를 통해 실용성을 검증하는 연구도 중요합니다.

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A review of air-cooling battery thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehiclesDownload
Tags: Air cooling; ,Applications; ,Battery thermal management system; ,CFD; ,Cooling Plate; ,Efficiency; ,Electric vehicles; ,Heat Sink; ,Lithium-ion battery; ,Review; ,temperature field; ,thermophysical properties; ,자동차