중온 히트 파이프 – 응용 분야, 과제 및 미래 방향

이 소개 논문은 [Applied Thermal Engineering]에서 발행한 논문 "Medium temperature heat pipes – Applications, challenges and future direction"의 연구 내용입니다.

Fig. 5. STRATFLY MR3 Hypersonic vehicle concept by Fusaro et al. [78].

1. 개요:

제목: Medium temperature heat pipes – Applications, challenges and future direction (중온 히트 파이프 – 응용 분야, 과제 및 미래 방향)
저자: Thomas C. Werner, Yuying Yan, Tassos Karayiannis, Volker Pickert, Rafal Wrobel, Richard Law
출판 연도: 2024
발표 저널/학회: Applied Thermal Engineering
키워드: 히트 파이프, 열 관리, 열 전달, 중온 유체, 2상 열 전달

2. 요약

히트 파이프는 특히 항공 우주, 전자, 자동차 및 발전 분야에서 열 관리에 사용되었습니다. 작동 온도 범위에 따라 특정 유체 및 케이싱 재료가 필요합니다. 300-600°C("중간" 또는 "중간" 온도) 범위에서 작동하는 히트 파이프에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있지만 적절한 유체가 부족하여 개발이 부족합니다. 이 논문은 유망한 유체와 벽 재료를 강조하면서 중온 히트 파이프 개발 노력을 요약합니다. (a) 현재 응용 분야, (b) 중온 유체 연구, (c) 히트 파이프 성능 예측 원리, (d) 표준화된 유체 평가 프레임워크를 포함한 향후 연구 방향을 탐구합니다.

3. 연구 배경:

연구 주제의 배경:

최신 엔지니어링에서는 전력 밀도가 증가함에 따라 열 관리가 중요합니다. 히트 파이프는 기존 고체 재료에 비해 우수한 열 전달 기능을 제공합니다.

이전 연구 현황:

히트 파이프는 극저온에서 고온까지 다양한 온도 범위에서 개발되었습니다. 그러나 중간 온도 범위(300-600°C)는 유체 옵션이 제한되어 있어 어려움에 직면해 있습니다. 기존 연구는 종종 장기적인 호환성 테스트와 제한된 분석적 접근 방식에 중점을 두어 연속성이 부족합니다.

연구의 필요성:

중온 범위의 히트 파이프에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있지만 적합한 작동 유체가 부족하여 개발이 지연되고 있습니다. 이전 작업은 단편적이며 포괄적인 솔루션이 없습니다.

4. 연구 목적 및 연구 질문:

연구 목적:

중온 히트 파이프 개발의 주요 노력을 요약하고 가장 유망한 유체 및 벽 재료를 강조합니다.

핵심 연구:

(a) 중온 히트 파이프의 이점을 얻을 수 있는 현재 응용 분야, (b) 중온 유체에 대한 기존 연구, (c) 히트 파이프 성능 예측, 유체 분석, 유체/금속 호환성 및 유체 선택의 원리, (d) 새로운 히트 파이프 유체에 특히 초점을 맞춘 잠재적인 미래 연구 방향.

5. 연구 방법론

이 논문은 문헌 검토입니다. 중온 히트 파이프에 대한 기존 연구를 요약하고 분석합니다. 이 논문은 현재 응용 분야, 중온 유체에 대한 이전 연구, 히트 파이프 성능 원리 및 향후 연구 방향을 탐구합니다. 유체 평가 프레임워크가 제안됩니다. 연구 설계는 실험 연구, 수치 모델링 및 이론적 분석을 포함한 출판된 문헌의 검토 및 분석입니다. 데이터 수집에는 관련 출판물에 대한 Scopus.com [29]과 같은 데이터베이스 검색이 포함되었습니다. 분석에는 연구 결과의 질적 평가와 유체 특성 및 성능의 정량적 비교가 포함됩니다.

6. 주요 연구 결과:

주요 연구 결과 및 제시된 데이터 분석:

재생 에너지 시장: 집광형 태양열 발전(CSP) 플랜트는 종종 중간 온도 범위에서 작동합니다(표 1, 그림 3).
폐열 회수: 고온 폐열(300°C 이상)은 전 세계 폐열 회수 잠재력의 상당 부분을 차지합니다[68].
원자력 시장: 핵융합로의 전환기 타겟 플레이트는 300-600°C 범위 내에서 작동합니다(그림 4).
기타 시장: 극초음속 차량 열 관리(그림 5) 및 엔진 벽 냉각도 잠재적인 응용 분야를 제시합니다.
기존 유체의 문제점:
- 수은: 독성, 고밀도 및 심지 습윤 문제 [83, 97].
- 황 및 황/요오드: 고점도, 낮은 열전도율 및 화학적 공격성 [108].
- 유기 유체: 300°C ~ 400°C 사이의 열분해 [82, 93, 102, 104, 106].
- 칼륨 및 세슘: 중간 온도에서 낮은 증기 밀도, 취급 어려움 및 수분에 대한 극심한 민감성 [79].
- 나트륨/칼륨(Na/K): 800°C 미만의 온도에서 "간헐천 비등" 현상 [105, 109, 110].
유체의 범주별 분석:
- 유기 유체: 열분해로 인해 일반적으로 400°C 이하로 제한됩니다(그림 6, 7, 8, 표 4).
- 무기 유체(할로겐화물): 삼브롬화안티몬은 테스트된 할로겐화물 중에서 가장 좋은 잠재력을 보이지만 320°C 이상의 낮은 열유속 밀도 응용 분야로 제한됩니다(그림 9, 10, 11, 표 5).
- 액체 금속: 수은과 세슘은 이론적으로 중간 온도 범위 내에서 작동할 수 있지만 실제적인 문제에 직면해 있습니다(그림 12, 13, 14, 표 6, 7).
- 무기 혼합물: 황/요오드 및 나트륨/칼륨은 유망하지만 충분한 특성 데이터가 부족합니다(표 8).
유체 분석 프로세스가 제안되었습니다(그림 15).

Fig. 1. Papers published directly relating to heat pipes. Produced using data from Scopus.com [29].

Fig. 3. Share of subjects linked to the exploration of medium temperature heat pipes taken from 70 papers on the topic spanning 1972 to 2022. Produced using data
from Scopus.com [29]. — Fig. 3. Share of subjects linked to the exploration of medium temperature heat pipes taken from 70 papers on the topic spanning 1972 to 2022. Produced using data from Scopus.com [29].

Table 1
Specifications for main large-scale concentrated solar power plants Produced using data from He et al. [67]. Third generation plants are exploring the use of silica sand,
calcinated flint clay and ceramic particles as well as a range of chlorinated or carbonated molten salts as heat absorbing mediums within the medium temperature
range. — Table 1
Specifications for main large-scale concentrated solar power plants Produced using data from He et al. [67]. Third generation plants are exploring the use of silica sand, calcinated flint clay and ceramic particles as well as a range of chlorinated or carbonated molten salts as heat absorbing mediums within the medium temperature range.

Fig. 4. Diverter target plate structure. A re-creation of images from You et al. [74].

Table 2
Summary of key life tests completed for alternative heat pipe fluids in the medium temperature range dating back to 1960.1 — Table 2 Summary of key life tests completed for alternative heat pipe fluids in the medium temperature range dating back to 1960.1

Fig. 14. Maximum thermal transport capacity for main liquid metals explored for use in the medium temperature range. Modelled with heat pipe dimensions
presented in the study by Werner et al. [114] (see Table 3). — Fig. 14. Maximum thermal transport capacity for main liquid metals explored for use in the medium temperature range. Modelled with heat pipe dimensions presented in the study by Werner et al. [114] (see Table 3).

그림 이름 목록:

Fig. 1. Papers published directly relating to heat pipes. Produced using data from Scopus.com [29].
Fig. 2. Share of top 13 countries contributing to heat pipe research data presented in Fig. 1 for years 1960-2022. Produced using data from Scopus.com [29].
Fig. 3. Share of subjects linked to the exploration of medium temperature heat pipes taken from 70 papers on the topic spanning 1972 to 2022. Produced using data from Scopus.com [29].
Fig. 4. Diverter target plate structure. A re-creation of images from You et al. [74].
Fig. 5. STRATFLY MR3 Hypersonic vehicle concept by Fusaro et al. [78].
Fig. 6. Liquid transport factor for main organic fluids explored for use in the medium temperature range.
Fig. 7. Vapour pressure for main organic fluids explored for use in the medium temperature range.
Fig. 8. Maximum thermal transport capacity for main organic fluids explored for use in the medium temperature range. Modelled with heat pipe dimensions presented in the study by Werner et al. [114] (see Table 3).
Fig. 9. Liquid transport factor for main halide fluids explored for use in the medium temperature range.
Fig. 10. Vapour pressure for main halides explored for use in the medium temperature range.
Fig. 11. Maximum thermal transport capacity for main halide fluids explored for use in the medium temperature range. Modelled with heat pipe dimensions presented in the study by Werner et al. [114] (see Table 3).
Fig. 12. Liquid transport factor for main liquid metal fluids explored for use in the medium temperature range.
Fig. 13. Vapour pressure for main liquid metals explored for use in the medium temperature range.
Fig. 14. Maximum thermal transport capacity for main liquid metal fluids explored for use in the medium temperature range. Modelled with heat pipe dimensions presented in the study by Werner et al. [114] (see Table 3).
Fig. 15. Fluid analysis and selection process.

7. 결론:

주요 결과 요약:

중온 히트 파이프에 대한 필요성이 증가하고 있습니다. 유기 유체는 일반적으로 400°C 이상에서는 적합하지 않습니다. 할로겐화물은 제한적인 성능을 보입니다. 액체 금속은 이론적으로 가장 우수한 성능을 갖지만 실제적인 문제에 직면합니다. 일부 혼합물은 유망하지만 데이터가 부족합니다.
{연구 결과 요약. 연구의 학문적 의의, 연구의 실제적 의미}
이 논문은 특히 새로운 유체를 개발하고 특성화하는 데 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 결론지었습니다. 연구를 가속화하기 위해 표준화된 유체 평가 프레임워크가 제안되었습니다. 중앙 데이터베이스와 히트 파이프 모델링 도구의 개발이 중요합니다.

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9. 저작권:

This material is a paper by "Thomas C. Werner, Yuying Yan, Tassos Karayiannis, Volker Pickert, Rafal Wrobel, Richard Law": Based on "Medium temperature heat pipes – Applications, challenges and future direction".
Source of paper: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121371

Tags: Applications; ,CAD; ,Die casting; ,Heat Sink; ,radiator; ,Review; ,자동차