実験的評価、診断、およびIE2、IE3、IE4クラス効率モーターにおける電力品質擾乱の影響の予測

この紹介論文の内容は、[UFPA/ITEC / PPGEE]によって発行された[EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND PREDICTION OF THE IMPACTS OF POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES IN IE2, IE3, AND IE4 CLASS EFFICIENCY MOTORS.]の記事に基づいています。

1. 概要:

• タイトル: EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND PREDICTION OF THE IMPACTS OF POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES IN IE2, IE3, AND IE4 CLASS EFFICIENCY MOTORS.
• 著者: JONATHAN MUÑOZ TABORA
• 発行年: 2024
• 発行ジャーナル/学会: UFPA/ITEC / PPGEE
• キーワード: Variação de tensão, desequilíbrio de tensão, harmônicos, temperatura, classes de eficiência, motor de imãs permanentes, manutenção preditiva.

2. 抄録:

電気モーターは、世界で最も大きな電気の最終用途であり、産業部門の基本的な部分であり続けています。さらに、技術の進歩により、電気自動車、輸送、ナビゲーションなどの新しいカテゴリにアプリケーションが拡大しました。ヨーロッパはIE4効率モータークラスへのアップグレードを開始しており、他の地域もより高い効率のモータークラスへの移行に従うことが期待されています。一部の地域では、IEC 60038-2009に従って、動作電圧が公称電圧と異なる場合があります。これは、不均衡や電圧高調波などの他の障害とともに、これらの新しい技術の性能に影響を与える可能性があります。このような状況において、予測保全に多大な努力が払われ、SEPに存在するさまざまな障害が存在する状態で回転機械の健全性を診断する上で、その有効性を高めるための新しい提案で既存の技術を改善しています。本研究では、IE2、IE3、IE4クラスの低電力誘導モーターの温度と性能に対する電圧変動、電圧高調波、および過電圧不均衡のさまざまなパーセンテージの影響を評価します。この研究には、エネルギー消費、効率、力率、および温度に関連する重要な指標を得るための技術的、経済的、統計的、および熱分析が含まれています。革新的で補完的な技術を模索するために、本研究では、電気モーター電流波形の周波数領域分析に基づいて、回転機械の完全性を診断するための新しい電気モーター劣化指標（EMDI）も提示します。結果は、理想的な動作条件下では、IE4クラスの永久磁石モーターが電力消費と温度の点でより優れた性能を発揮しますが、非線形特性を持つことを示しています。次に、特定の障害が存在する場合、同じ動作条件下でかご形誘導モーターと比較して性能が低下するため、シナリオが変化します。実施された分析により、導入される新しい電気モーター技術の性能に対する電力システムに存在するさまざまな摂動の影響を特定し、定量化することができます。提案されたモーター状態診断指標に関して、提示された結果は、予測保全の実践の実施を促進する上で、提案されたアプローチの有効性を強く支持しています。本論文のもう1つの重要な貢献は、その結果がホンジュラスの電気モーターに対する最小効率要件の導入のための新しい規制の実施の基礎となることです。

キーワード: 電圧変動、電圧不均衡、高調波、温度、効率クラス、永久磁石モーター、予測保全。

3. 導入:

2015年のパリ協定は、気候変動への取り組みにおいて重要なグローバルステップとなりました。それ以来、エネルギー効率に焦点を当てた政策と規制の実施を推進し、環境目標を達成し、国際的に持続可能な慣行を促進する上で重要な役割を果たしてきました。このような状況において、誘導モーター（IM）は、世界の最終的な電気エネルギー消費量の約53％を占めるエネルギー節約のための重要なカテゴリです[1]。

ブラジルでは、鉱業エネルギー省の文書「国家エネルギー効率計画」[2]によると、産業界は総国家電力の36％を消費し、稼働中の駆動システムはこの電力の68％を消費しています。したがって、国の総電気エネルギーの約35％が電気モーターによって消費されていると報告されています。

三相かご形誘導モーターは、2002年12月11日の大統領令第4.508号の公布により、ブラジルで大統領令によって規制される最初で唯一の機器でした。これにより、ブラジルの電気モーター市場に大きな変化が起こりました。まず、規制はIR1（標準モーター）¹およびIR2（高効率モーター）クラスの最小電力定格を確立しました。IR1クラスよりも低い電力を持つモーター（法令の付録1に示されている特性を含む）は、製造、販売、または輸入できませんでした。この法令は、エネルギーの保全と合理的な使用に関する国家政策を確立する2001年10月17日の法律第10.295号によって裏付けられており、当時「ブラックアウト」として広く知られていたエネルギー危機後に制定された「エネルギー効率法」として知られています。

4. 研究の概要:

研究テーマの背景:

電気モーターは、世界で最も大きな電気の最終用途であり続けており、産業部門の基本的な部分です。技術の進歩により、電気自動車、輸送、ナビゲーションなどの新しいカテゴリにアプリケーションが拡大しました。ヨーロッパはIE4効率モータークラスへのアップグレードを開始しており、他の地域もより高い効率のモータークラスへの移行に従うことが期待されています。

以前の研究の状況:

電気モーターの効率を向上させるためのさまざまな研究が行われており、その結果、さまざまな効率クラスが導入されました。しかし、電力品質の低下が電気モーターの性能に与える影響に関する研究は、依然として不足しています。

研究の目的:

本研究の目的は、電力品質の低下がIE2、IE3、IE4クラスの電気モーターの性能に与える影響を実験的に評価し、新しいモーター状態診断指標を開発して、予測保全の実践を改善することです。

コア研究:

本研究では、電圧変動、電圧不均衡、高調波などがIE2、IE3、IE4クラスの電気モーターの温度と性能に与える影響を分析します。また、新しいモーター状態診断指標を開発して、予測保全の実践を改善します。

5. 研究方法論

研究デザイン:

本研究は、実験的研究と統計的分析を組み合わせた研究です。実験的研究では、電圧変動、電圧不均衡、高調波などの電力品質の低下がIE2、IE3、IE4クラスの電気モーターの温度と性能に与える影響を測定します。統計的分析では、実験的研究から得られたデータを分析して、新しいモーター状態診断指標を開発します。

データ収集と分析方法:

本研究では、実験的研究を通じてデータを収集します。実験的研究では、電圧変動、電圧不均衡、高調波などの電力品質の低下がIE2、IE3、IE4クラスの電気モーターの温度と性能に与える影響を測定します。また、新しいモーター状態診断指標を開発するために、電気モーター電流波形の周波数領域分析を実行します。

研究テーマと範囲:

本研究のテーマは、電力品質の低下がIE2、IE3、IE4クラスの電気モーターの性能に与える影響です。本研究の範囲は、電圧変動、電圧不均衡、高調波などの電力品質の低下とIE2、IE3、IE4クラスの電気モーターに限定されます。

6. 主な結果:

主な結果:

• 理想的な動作条件下では、IE4クラスの永久磁石モーターは電力消費と温度の点でより優れた性能を発揮しますが、非線形特性を持ちます。
• 特定の障害が存在する場合、同じ動作条件下でかご形誘導モーターと比較して性能が低下するため、シナリオが変化します。
• 新しいモーター状態診断指標は、予測保全の実践の実施を促進する上で、効率性を強力に裏付けています。

図の名前リスト:

• Figure 1-1 - Energy efficiency classes classification and consumption: (a) IEC 60034-30 nominal efficiency class limits, for four-pole motors (0.12-1000-kW power range) [6]; (b) Energy consumption of electric motor systems by efficiency level, 2000-2017 [7].
• Figure 1-2 - Countries with MEPS for electric motors in 2024.
• Figure 1-3 - Methodology for literature review based on the PRISMA statement.
• Figure 1-4 - Publications related to electric motors in recent years.
• Figure 1-5 - Distribution of publications related to energy forecasting worldwide.
• Figure 1-6 - Distribution of studies by subject area.
• Figure 1-7 - Thematic map of keywords separated by relevant categories.
• Figure 1-8 - Publications related to electric motors diagnosis in the last 20 years.
• Figure 1-9 - General test setup for the power quality disturbances tests..
• Figure 1-10 - General test setup for the electric motor degradation index tests.
• Figure 1-11- Thermographic images of the LSPMM with: (a) 25% of 5th harmonic voltage distortion; (b) 10% of 5th harmonic voltage distortion.
• Figure 2-1 - Induction Motor components [2]…….
• Figure 2-2 - Distribution of motor losses and percentage of losses for 0.75 kW – 160 kW IM's.
• Figure 2-3 - Typical fraction of losses in 50-Hz, four-pole squirrel cage induction motors for (a) Losses variation as a function of output power [8]; (b) Losses variation as a function of load [9].
• Figure 2-4 - Impact of possible areas of improvement for induction motor performance [11].
• Figure 2-5 - Permanent magnet motors: (a) Surface mounted permanent magnet motor (SPM)[22] [23]; (b) Interior permanent magnet motor (IPM) [22] [24]…
• Figure 2-6 - Structure of a four-pole LSPMM [28]…
• Figure 2-7 - Typical rotor configurations for LSPMM's :(a) Spoke rotor; (b) W Type magnetic circuit structure; (c) Swastika magnetic circuit structure; (d) V-type magnetic circuit structure; (e) U-type magnetic circuit structure; (f) Series-type magnetic circuit structure [29], [30].
• Figure 2-8 Starting torque in LSPMM and SCIM: (a) Starting behavior of torque components for LSPMM ´s [31]; (b) Torque behavior for IM and LSPMM during starting [26].
• Figure 2-9 Comparison between IE2, IE3 and IE4 efficiency class motors (a)Stator currents; (b) Total Harmonic Distortion of Current.
• Figure 2-10 - Consumption in IE2, IE3 and IE4 class motors (a) Total Power; (b) Power F.
• Figure 2-11 - Temperature rise for IE2, IE3 & IE4 IM's classes: (a) Graphics from measurements and (b) LSPMM captured angle.
• Figure 3-1-Additional Negative and zero sequence losses in induction motors. …….. 72
• Figure 3-2 - Flowchart of methodology used to obtain the results from the measurements.
• Figure 3-3 - Current increase for 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and all harmonic order combined for induction motors (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
• Figure 3-4 - Total current harmonic distortion (THDI) variation for 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and all harmonic order combined for induction motors (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
• Figure 3-5 - Reactive power increase for 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and all harmonic order combined for induction motors (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
• Figure 3-6 - Power factor decrease for 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and all harmonic order combined for induction motors (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
• Figure 3-7-Temperature rise in the presence of voltage harmonics of 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and all harmonic order combined for induction motors (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
• Figure 3-8 - Thermographic images of the LSPMM in presence of 2ndvoltage harmonics in frontal and lateral view (a) Thermal equilibrium frontal view; (b) 25% of 2nd voltage harmonic in frontal view; (c) Thermal equilibrium lateral view; (d) 25% of 2nd voltage harmonic in lateral view
• Figure 3-9 - Thermographic images of the LSPMM in presence of 5th voltage harmonics in frontal and lateral view (a) Thermal equilibrium frontal view; (b) 25% of 5th voltage harmonic in frontal view; (c) Thermal equilibrium lateral view; (d) 25% of 5th voltage harmonic in lateral view
• Figure 3-10 - Correlation matrix between temperature and input parameters in IE2 class SCIM for (a) second harmonic voltage distortion; (b) third harmonic voltage distortion.
• Figure 3-11 - Temperature regression versus motor input parameters for IE2 class SCIM with voltage distortion of (a) 2nd harmonic voltage distortion; (b) 3rd harmonic voltage distortion.
  ..81
• Figure 3-12 - Correlation matrix between temperature and input parameters in IE3 class SCIM for (a) second harmonic voltage distortion; (b) third harmonic voltage distortion.
• Figure 3-13 - Temperature regression versus motor input parameters for IE3 class SCIM with voltage distortion of (a) 2nd harmonic voltage distortion; (b) 3rd harmonic voltage distortion.
• Figure 3-14 - Correlation matrix between temperature and input parameters in IE4 class LSPMM for (a) second harmonic voltage distortion; (b) third harmonic voltage distortion.
• Figure 3-15 - Temperature regression versus motor input parameters for IE4 class LSPMM with voltage distortion of (a) 2nd harmonic voltage distortion; (b) 3rd harmonic voltage distortion.
• Figure 3-16 Incremental Impact of Voltage distortion on Temperature: (a) Long bars represents a predictor that contribute the newest information to the model; (b) Predictors used in the model (a gray background represents an X variable not in the model)….
• Figure 3-17 - Temperature as a function of 2nd voltage harmonic: (a) Prediction plot for Temperature model with 95% of prediction interval; (b) Prediction plot with large residual versus the fitted values.
  ..86
• Figure 3-18 - Adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) for generated models presented in Table 2…..
• Figure 3-19 - Line-start permanent magnet motor simulation on FEMM:(a) LSPMM geometry and materials and (b) LSPMM mesh..
• Figure 3-20 - Density flux plot for (a) Nominal conditions; (b) 2nd voltage harmonics and (c) 5th voltage harmonics.
• Figure 3-21- Quarter section of motor illustrating the areas with convection boundary conditions.
• Figure 3-22 - Temperature distribution (in Kelvin) in the motor from the FEMM thermal simulation for: (a) Second Voltage Harmonic and (b) Fifth Voltage Harmonic……… 90
• Figure 3-23 - Comparison between the model and measured temperature for 25% voltage harmonic distortion of 2nd and 5th order harmonics.
• Figure 4-1 - Power derating curve for Induction Motors
• Figure 4-2 - The Complex Voltage Unbalance Factor Diagram [13].
• Figure 4-3 - Induction motor subjected to voltage unbalance: (a) Induction motor with a low maintenance program, (b) Input voltage magnitudes in induction motor terminals.
• Figure 4-4 - Voltage Unbalance supply on a delta-connected IM and the resulting positive (a) and negative (b) sequence components.
• Figure 4-5 - Induction motor voltages when subjected to voltage unbalance (a) Balanced voltage phasors; (b) Unbalanced voltage phasors.
• Figure 4-6 - Positive and negative sequences for impedances for IE2, IE3 and IE4 Class motors(a) Positive sequence and (b) Negative sequence.
• Figure 4-7 - Flowchart of methodology used to obtain the results from the measurements.
• Figure 4-8 - Line and average current for VU in IE4 LSPMM with: (a) 1% Under Voltage; (b) 3% Under Voltage; (c) 4% Under Voltage;(d) 1% Over Voltage; (e) 3% Over Voltage; (f) 4% Over Voltage.
• Figure 4-9 - Average Current for under and over voltage unbalance conditions for: (a) IE2 SCIM; (B) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM
• Figure 4-10 - Power Factor (a-c) and Positive-Phase sequence voltage variation (d-e) with Under and Over Voltage Unbalance for IE2 Class SCIM, IE3 Class SCIM and IE4 Class LSPMM.
• Figure 4-11 - Total power variation with Under and Over Voltage Unbalance for: (a) IE2 Class SCIM; (b) IE3 Class SCIM; (c) IE4 Class LSPMM.
• Figure 4-12 - Current Total Harmonic Distortion for under and over voltage unbalance conditions for: (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
• Figure 4-13 - Frame Temperature with 1% under voltage (a & b); 3% under voltage (c & d); 4% under voltage.
• Figure 4-14 - Frame Temperature with 1% over voltage (a & b); 3% over voltage (c & d); 4% over voltage (e & f).
• Figure 4-15-Temperature increase in IE2, IE3 and IE4 class IM's with: (a) 1% under voltage; (b) 3% under voltage; (c) 4% under voltage; (d) 1% over voltage; (e) 3% over voltage; (f) 4% over voltage.
• Figure 4-16 - Correlation matrix for IE3 Class SCIM motor parameters in the presence of VU with: (a) 4% Under voltage; (b) 4% Over voltage.
• Figure 4-17 - Correlation matrix for IE4 Class LSPMM motor parameters in the presence of VU with: (a) 4% Under voltage; (b) 4% Over voltage.
• Figure 4-18 - Temperature for the IE4 Class LSPMM: (a) Prediction plot for Temperature model with 95% of prediction interval; (b) Highlighting initial motors temperature measurements before applying unbalanced voltage supply.
• Figure 4-19 - Residuals versus fitted or predicted temperature values.
• Figure 4-20 - Adjusted coefficient (Adjusted R²) for generated models presented in Table 7
• Figure 5-1 - Steps toward the implementation of energy efficiency actions on induction motor policies..
• Figure 5-2 - Methodology flowchart.
• Figure 5-3 - Speed variation for IE2, IE3 & IE4 Class motors in presence of 2nd, and combined 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 7th voltage harmonics…
• Figure 5-4 - Speed variation for IE2, IE3 & IE4 Class motors in presence of 5th and 7th voltage harmonics.
• Figure 5-5 - Harmonic currents present in IM´s with harmonic voltage distortion of (a) 2nd harmonic order; (b) 5th harmonic order; (c) 7th harmonic order (d) 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic order combined.
• Figure 5-6 - Speed variation for IE2, IE3 & IE4 Class motors in presence of 0%-4% Voltage Unbalance Conditions with under and over voltages;
• Figure 5-7 Fifth harmonic currents variations for phases a-b-c for the IE3 Class motor for (a) 1% VU with Under Voltage; (b) 4% VU with Under Voltage; (c) 1% VU with Over Voltage; (d) 4% VU with Over Voltage.
• Figure 5-8 - Fifth harmonic currents variations for phases a-b-c for the IE4 Class motor for (a) 1% VU with Under Voltage; (b) 4% VU with Under Voltage; (c) 1% VU with Over Voltage; (d) 4% VU with Over Voltage.
• Figure 5-9 - Seventh harmonic currents variations for phases a-b-c for the IE3 Class motor for (a) 1% VU with Under Voltage; (b) 4% VU with Under Voltage; (c) 1% VU with Over Voltage; (d) 4% VU with Over Voltage ..
• Figure 5-10 - Seventh harmonic currents variations for phases a-b-c for the IE4 Class motor for (a) 1% VU with Under Voltage; (b) 4% VU with Under Voltage; (c) 1% VU with Over Voltage; (d) 4% VU with Over Voltage ..
• Figure 5-11 - Phase “a” harmonic current variation for 4% Voltage unbalance with undervoltage for (a) IE3 and (b) IE4 Class motors
• Figure 5-12 - Phase “a” harmonic current variation for 4% Voltage unbalance with overvoltage for IE3 (a) and IE4 (b) Class motors
• Figure 6-1 - Image of Table 1 of the IEC 60038-2009 standard in relation to allowable voltages in power systems worldwide [5, p. 2009].
• Figure 6-2 - Three-phase nominal voltage by region for a nominal 220 V LSPMM in a delta connection.
• Figure 6-3 - Line-start permanent magnet: (a) Component description in the first panel and (b) magnetic flux lines.
• Figure 6-4 - Experimental input current as a function of load for 0.75 kW: (a) IE4 Class LSPMM and (b) IE3 Class SCIM motor at nominal voltage and frequency conditions.
• Figure 6-5 - Methodology flowchart……..
• Figure 6-6 Experimental input current as a function of load at different voltage magnitudes.
• Figure 6-7 - LSPMM under VV conditions. (a) Active power and (b) current total harmonic distortion.
• Figure 6-8 - Experimental power factor as a function of load under VV conditions…….. 145
• Figure 6-9 - Ridgeline plot of power factor under VV conditions for the LSPMM.
• Figure 6-10 - Contour plots for power factor variation with power and load for IE4 Class motor with (a) 0.90 p.u., (b) 1.00 p.u., and (c) 1.05 p.u.
• Figure 6-11 - Experimental efficiency as a function of load under VV conditions. ……… 147
• Figure 6-12 - Frame temperature variation in the LSPMM under VV conditions. Frontal temperature with (a) 0.90 p.u., (b) 1.00 p.u., and (c) 1.10 p.u.
• Figure 6-13 - Frame temperature variation in the LSPMM under VV conditions. Lateral temperature with (a) 0.90 p.u., (b) 1.00 p.u., and (c) 1.10 p.u.
• Figure 6-14 - Measured absolute temperature under VV conditions: (a) lateral view; (b) frontal view…
• Figure 6-15 - Correlation matrix between voltage magnitude and input parameters in the LSPMM for (a) output load between 0% and 30%, (b) output load between 40% and 70%, and (c) output load between 80% and 125%..
• Figure 6-16 - Consumption as a function of voltage magnitude under different load conditions.
• Figure 6-17 - Representation of the time-of-use tariff pricing scheme considered in the economic analysis.
• Figure 6-18 - Payback for the initial cost of a new motor by changing the LSPMM voltage supply level: (a) without considering the TOU; (b) considering the TOU.
• Figure 7-1 - Graphical representation of the Electric Motor Degradation Index (EMDI) methodology..
• Figure 7-2-General test setup.
• Figure 7-3-Methodology Flowchart.
• Figure 7-4-EMDI calculation in dB for the nominal voltage operation condition and loading varying from 30% to 125% of nominal for: (a) IE2 Class motor and (b) IE3 Class motor.
• Figure 7-5-Single phasing triggered in IE3 Class motor to evaluate the EMDI.
• Figure 7-6-EMDI calculation in dB for a single phase-loss in the IE3 Class motor. …… 166
• Figure 7-7-Input current variation as a function of load in VV conditions.
• Figure 7-8 - EMDI calculation in VV conditions for nominal load condition.
• Figure 7-9 - Pumping System at the Federal University of Pará: (a) 15 kW SCIM and (b) Power quality analyzer for electric motors consumption measurement.
• Figure 7-10- Voltage magnitude variation for the electric motor input.
• Figure 7-11- Measured input line currents as a function of time.
• Figure 7-12-Electric motor diagnosis indicator comparison in VV conditions.
• Figure 10-1-IE2 Class induction motor nameplate.
• Figure 10-2 - IE2 Class induction motor parameters.
• Figure 10-3- IE3 Class induction motor nameplate.
• Figure 10-4-IE2 Class induction motor parameters.
• Figure 10-5-IE4 Class line-start permanent magnet motor nameplate.

7. 結論:

本研究では、電力品質の低下がIE2、IE3、IE4クラスの電気モーターの性能に与える影響を分析し、新しいモーター状態診断指標を開発して、予測保全の実践を改善しました。本研究の結果は、電力品質の低下が電気モーターの性能に与える影響を理解し、予測保全の実践を改善するのに役立ちます。

8. 参考文献:

• [1] International Energy Agency (IEA), "Publications." Accessed: Aug. 15, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea-4e.org/publications
• [2] "Plano Nacional de Eficiência Energética - Plano Nacional de Eficiência Energética - Ministério de Minas e Energia." Accessed: Mar. 08, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.mme.gov.br/web/guest/secretarias/planejamento-e-desenvolvimento-energetico/publicacoes/plano-nacional-de-eficiencia-energetica
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